T: size or direct extent of the primary tumour

• Tx: tumor cannot be evaluated
• Tis: carcinoma in situ
• T0: no signs of tumour
• T1, T2, T3, T4: size and/or extension of the primary tumour
  • Depending on the cancer, T1-2 typically involve spread within an organ, T3 – spread to the surface of the organ and related structures and T4 involves spread to other adjacent structures or organs.

• Nx: lymph nodes cannot be evaluated
• N0: tumor cells absent from regional lymph nodes
• N1: regional lymph node metastasis present; (at some sites: tumor spread to closest or small number of regional lymph nodes)
• N2: tumour spread to an extent between N1 and N3 (N2 is not used at all sites)
• N3: tumour spread to more distant or numerous regional lymph nodes (N3 is not used at all sites)

• Mx: distant metastasis cannot be evaluated
• M0: no distant metastasis
• M1: metastasis to distant organs (beyond regional lymph nodes)

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