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Breast Examination

Background Info

Presentations of Breast Disease

Breast lumps

Lump
Description
Feels like…
 
 
 
C
O
M
M
O
N
Fibroadenoma
  • Normal breast tissue that has become fibrous
  • Painless
  • Typically present at age 15-35
  • 1/3 will stay the same
  • 1/3 will grow bigger
  • 1/3 will go away
  • Do Not become cancerous, or increase the risk of breast cancer
Firm and lumpy – large lobules. Moves easily. Can be 1-5cm
Cyst
  • Presentation typically at age 35-45
  • Fluid filled sac, filled with serous or sebaceous fluid. The fluid (and therefore the lump) can be any colour
  • May be more suspicious if blood is present
Very smooth, spherical / elliptical.  Again size varies greatly.
Carcinoma
  • Can present at any age, but more common in old age
  • Any woman >50 with a breast lump is cancer until proven otherwise
Rock hard and irregular and lumpy. Tethered, immobile. Puckering of the skin. Peau d’orange, nipple changes.
R
A
R
E
Periductal Mastits
Fat Necrosis
Galactocoele
Abscess
Not from breast tissue – e.g.
Lipoma
sebaceous cyst

Examination

A few important points:
Normal breast anatomy. Image from CDC.

Explanation

Explain what you are going to do. Say you would like to examine and have a look at the breasts, and also to check the lymph nodes in the neck and axilla. Ask the patient to go behind the curtain and take their clothes off to uncover the breasts. Usually a shawl is provided so that the patient can then cover themselves up. Once the patient is ready, then join them behind the curtain.
As usual, we can follow the Inspection, palpation, percussion, auscultation pattern – however, for a breast exam, we need only actually do Inspection and Palpation.

Inspection

Ask the patient to sit upright, on the side of the bed. You need to expose both breasts at the same time to be able to compare!
With the patients hands by her sides, ask the patient to life up their shawl, and look for:
Nipple changes – discharge, blood, inverted nipple, areolar changes
Skin changes:

Any visible lumps
Check symmetry

Now ask the patient to put her hands on her hips and squeeze inwards – this tenses the pectoral muscles, and can bring out any lumps or abnormalities
Now ask the patient to put her hands behind her head –similar to the above, can allow you to see lumps and other abnormalities that may not have been visible before. Also allows you to look into the axilla.

Any other abnormalities

 

Palpation

Ask the patient to lie back on the bed. The headrest should be at 180’, or as low as is comfortable for the patient. Now allow the patient to cover up one breast with the shawl, and palpate one breast at a time.
Ask if she has any breast pain.

Lymph node exam

Check the supraclavicular lymph nodes
Check the lymph nodes of the axilla

Presenting findings

If you find a lump, you need to be able to describe:

Triple assessment and grading of the lump

All breast lumps should undergo Triple assessment procedure, which includes:
Grading of the triple assessment

Examination

Cytology

Imaging (<35 USS [breast tissue too dense for mamm.], >35 Mammogram)

 
Quadruple assessment
This term is sometimes used in place of Triple assessment, and describes an assessment involving both ultrasound and mammography – i.e. the imaging techniques are not grouped together.
For more info, please see the notes on Breast cancer and Breast lumps

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