medical encyclopaedia
Introduction Thyrotoxicosis is the state produced by excessive thyroid hormone. It is not strictly the same thing as hyperthyroidism, as thyrotoxicosis can exist without hyperthyroidism being present – for example – after the administration...
Introduction Hypopituitarism entails reduced secretion of anterior pituitary hormones. Which hormones go first? Anterior pituitary hormones are affected in the following order: GH >> muscle and bone FSH >> ovary LH >> testes Polactin >> breast TSH >> thyroid ACTH >> kidney and adrenal gland N.B....
Introduction Hypothyroidism (aka myxoedema) is a common disorder which presents most frequently in women and the elderly. It can usually be managed in primary care without the need for specialist involvement (unlike hyperthyroidism) and...
Diabetes mellitus (to be differentiated from diabetes insipidus, although mellitus is much more prevalent and thus referred to as commonly “diabetes”) is a chronic state of hyperglycaemia caused by a lack of or diminished effectiveness...
We treat diabetes to reduce the risk of the complications of diabetes. Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death of people with diabetes. So it is important to monitor that treatment is effective,...
Introduction MEN = the occurrence of several distinct syndromes featuring functional tumours of multiple endocrine glands. In some cases, tumours are malignant; in others, they are benign. MEN Tumours arising in >1 endocrine gland....
Introduction Wash hands, check right patient, introduce yourself, get permission Ask the patient to sit up straight in a chair, and expose their neck down to the shoulders. You could ask them to look...
Introduction Phaeochromocytoma is a neuroendocrine tumour of the medulla of the adrenal glands. It secretes large quantities of the catecholamines noradrenaline, and to a lesser extent, adrenaline. Epidemiology Rule of 10: 10% familial,...
Introduction Only 1% of pancreatic tissue is endocrine. This tissue is found in the Islets of langerhans. Surrounding the islets are adipose tissue deposits. The older you get, the more adipose tissue you have....
Water moves freely between compartments and the distribution is determined by the osmotic equilibrium between them. The dilution of plasma is described as plasma osmolality. The more diluted the plasma is, the lower the...
![free ENT [Ear, Nose & Throat] revision notes for medical students](/sites/all/files/image/Nav/sidebar/ent.png)
