Knee joint
Knee Examination
Introduction Knee examination is an important clinical skill, and knee problems are a common presenting complaint to general practice and emergency departments. Knee examination is also a common OSCE station.…
Lumbar spine examination
Lumbar Spine Examination
Lumbar Spine The patient will need to expose the spine. Ask them to remove their clothing for their torso (obviously women can keep underwear on). Look From front – are…
Osgood Schlatter Disease x-ray showing fragmention of the tibial tuberosity in a more severe case
Osgood-Schlatter Disease
Introduction Osgood Schlatter Disease (OSD) is a painful condition in which there is injury to the tibial tuberosity where it joins with the patellar tendon. It is commonly found in…
Normal joint anatomy
Osteoarthritis – OA
Introduction Osteoarthritis is a condition that results from the loss of cartilage at synovial joints, and is often accompanied by degeneration of the underlying bone. Radiologically there can be visible:…
Osteochondroma on x-ray. This file is taken from wikimedia commons and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
Osteochondroma
Introduction Osteochondromas are benign tumours of bone and cartilage. They frequently grow outwards from bone near the growth plate (metaphysis) and can be palpated. They most commonly occur on the…
Osteomalacia in a 7 year old girl
Osteomalacia and Rickets
Introduction These are essentially the same disorder. In children, the disease is rickets but after fusion of the epiphyseal plates it is known as osteomalacia. The most common cause is…
Osteomyelitis of the 1st MTP. This file is taken from wikimedia commons and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
Osteomyelitis
Introduction Osteomyelitis refers to infection of the bone and/or bone marrow. It can occur in both adults and children but is more common in the latter. It is commonly caused…
Osteoporosis bone structure. Image by Servier Medical Art by Servier and is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 3.0 Unported License
Osteoporosis
Introduction Osteoporosis means literally porous bone Refers to decreased bone density, which leads to an increase in fracture risk Risk factors Bone density declines with age Highest risk is in…
X-ray demonstrating osteosarcoma of the mid tibia. This file is taken from wikimedia commons and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
Osteosarcoma
Introduction Osteosarcoma is the most common malignant primary bone tumour, although they are still very rare. It frequently occurs in late childhood and tends to arise in the metaphyses of…
CT of the spine showing Paget's disease in the lumbar vertebrae. This is sometimes referred to as an "ivory vertebra". This file is taken from wikimedia commons and is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 3.0 Unported license.
Paget Disease of the Bone
Introduction Along with osteoporosis, Paget disease of the bone (PDB) - aka osteitis deformans - is a common degenerative bone disease. It affects up to 5% of the population in Anglo-Saxon societies. PBD…