Summary The kidneys develop from metanephros. The bladder and urethra develop from the urogenital sinus The prostate develops from an outgrowth of the urethral epithelium Ureters These enter the pelvis…
Introduction Benign prostatic hyperplasia occurs most commonly in men over 60. The term benign prostatic hypertrophy is often used interchangeably with benign prostatic hyperplasia, but is less correct. Hyperplasia refers to an increase in…
Indications Urinary retention Monitor fluid output (e.g. post-op, renal failure, trauma, sepsis, general illness) – in pretty much all seriously ill patients! – also pre-op to measure urine output during…
Introduction Erectile dysfunction is the inability to achieve or maintain an erection sufficient for satisfactory sexual performance. It affects up to 50% of men between 40 and 70. Erection requires…
Introduction Haematuria is the passing of blood in the urine Frank Haematuria - the presence of blood on macroscopic investigation (i.e. looking at the blood) Microscopic Haematuria – RBC’s visible only on…
Introduction Renal calculi (kidney stones) are precipitates that form from urine due to a high concentration of that particular precipitate in the urine. The most common (85%) precipitate is calcium;…
Introduction Prostate cancer is the most common cancer in men, and the 4th most common cause of death for men in England and Wales. The lifetime risk for prostate cancer in…
Introduction Prostatitis refers to inflammation of the prostate, most commonly a result of infection (either UTI or STI). Prostatitis affects up to 15% of men at some point in the…
Introduction Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a glycoprotein enzyme which is secreted by epithelial cells of the prostate. Levels of PSA rise with prostate inflammation which can be due to:…
Introduction This is also sometimes called fever of unknown origin (FUO) It is strictly defined as: Temperature greater than 38.3’ Duration of longer than 3 weeks During which time there…