RCC – Renal Cell Carcinoma
Introduction This is an adenocarcinoma These arise from the proximal tubular epithelium. The tumours are highly vascular, and microscopically, they will appear as large cells with clear cytoplasm. Haemorrhage within…
TCC – Transitional Cell Carcinoma (bladder cancer)
Introduction This is a tumour of the bladder and urinary tract. It can occur anywhere along the urinary tract from the calyx, renal pelvis, ureter, bladder to the urethra. Epidemiology…
Graphical representation of testicular cancer. Image by Manu5 from Wikipedia commons and reproduced under the Creative Commons Attribution-Share Alike 4.0 International license
Testicular Cancer
Introduction Testicular cancers are usually germ cell tumours (>95%). There are two main types (these account for 80% of all tumours): Seminoma (dysgerminoma in women). These arise from the seminiferous…
Testicular Exam
Testicles are normally examined if there is: Pain Swelling Abdominal pain (torsion of testes) Examination Usual stuff – wash hands, check right patient, introduce yourself, explain, get a chpaerone Normally,…
Testicular Torsion
Definition This is when the spermatic cord (contains the vas deferens, lymphatic vessels, testicular artery, cremasteric artery, panpiniform plexus (veins), nerve to cremaster, testicular nerves) to a testicle twists therefore…
Transplant Reactions
Hyperacute Rejection Occurs within minutes (to hours) – so quick that the surgeon is sometimes able to visualise characteristic changes whilst sill performing the anastomosis of blood vessels. There is…
Undescended Testes
Introduction Undescended testes (aka cryptorchidism, and sometimes maldescended testes) can be congenital or acquired Usually unilateral Congenital undescended testes affects approximately 3-6% of males at birth <1% remain undescended by the age of…
Urinary incontinence
Urinary Incontinence
Types of incontinence Urinary incontinence is the involuntary loss of urine, that is serious enough to cause a social or hygiene problem. It becomes more prevalent with age, with about…
Urinary Retention
Introduction This is the inability to micturated, and it can either be chronic or acute Acute This is a sudden inability to micturate in the presence of a painful…
Urinary Tract Infection – UTI
Introduction These are very common in women, but far less common in men and children. Recurrent infection can lead to considerable morbidity and may even lead to renal disease, and…