Introduction An abdominal x-ray (AXR) is a commonly performed x-ray for some gastrointestinal presentations. Generally, its use is limited - many abdominal conditions are better diagnosed clinically, or with an…
Introduction to Arterial Blood Gas Interpretation Arterial Blood Gas interpretation can be a daunting and difficult skill for any medical student or junior doctor. Try to look at as many…
See also: Calcium, Vitamin D and Bone Density Parathyroid Glands Roles of Calcium Contraction of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle Blood clotting Control of nerve impulses Increases in the level…
Introduction The chest x-ray (also known as CXR or Chest Radiograph) is probably the most commonly performed medical imaging procedure. An x-ray can typically discern 4 different densities: Air (black) Metal - i.e.…
Paediatric vital signs (normal reference ranges for observations) are a crucial part of assessing any unwell child. Importantly, paediatric vital signs vary by the child's age. Generally, the normal heart…
The Basics 98% is intracellular Serum range 3.5 – 5 mmol/L K+ and H+ tend to vary together Most body secretion is in urine – from distal tubules Shifts K+…
Introduction Sodium levels are very closely linked to fluid levels, as sodium is an extracellular electrolyte. As opposed to potassium which is intracellular. Hyponatraemia is commonly seen both in the…
Introduction Spirometry is the most widely used pulmonary function test (aka lung function test). It measures the volume and flow of air during inspiration and expiration; it is an assessment of how effectively…
Introduction The Swiss Cheese Model of accident causation is a way of thinking about how negative outcomes occur. The model was developed in the business and aviation industries to help…
