Introduction Peripheral vascular disease (PVD, also Peripheral Arterial Disease - PAD) is a chronic condition due to atherosclerosis of arteries in the limbs. The level of arterial occlusion present is proportional…
Introduction introduce yourself wash your hands check you’ve got the right patient Inspection Is the patient in any pain? Check around the bed Mobility aids O2 Cigarettes Medication Look for…
Indications Change of Bowel habit – constipation, diarrhea, tenesmus Rectal bleeding Perianal symptoms e.g. pain/itching/discharge Urinary symptoms in men (for BPH) Assessment of anal tone in neurological exam …
Introduction Primary Sclerosing Cholangitis (PSC) is a chronic inflammatory condition that results in the fibrosis and destruction of intra-hepatic and extrahepatic bile ducts. This can lead to cholestasis, hypertension and…
Epidemiology More common in boys (4:1) Often a maternal family history Increased risk if siblings were affected Erythromycin exposure in first few weeks of life Pathology There is a functional…
Introduction Accounts for 80% of cases of intestinal obstruction Can be partial or complete: About 85% of partial obstruction will resolve with conservative treatment About 85% of complete obstruction will…
Definition This is when the spermatic cord (contains the vas deferens, lymphatic vessels, testicular artery, cremasteric artery, panpiniform plexus (veins), nerve to cremaster, testicular nerves) to a testicle twists therefore…
The TNM staging system is used in the evaluation of many cancers. Each individual cancer has its own slight variation on the system, however, it is universally applicable in its…
Hyperacute Rejection Occurs within minutes (to hours) – so quick that the surgeon is sometimes able to visualise characteristic changes whilst sill performing the anastomosis of blood vessels. There is…
Introduction Trauma is managed by teams in the Emergency Department. There is often a defined set of individuals on a ‘Trauma Team’. This might include: Team Leader – often an…