Introduction Haematuria is the passing of blood in the urine Frank Haematuria - the presence of blood on macroscopic investigation (i.e. looking at the blood) Microscopic Haematuria – RBC’s visible only on…
Hepatorenal syndrome is renal failure secondary to liver disease. It is a life-threatening acute complication of liver failure. It is most commonly seen in alcoholic hepatitis, although can occur in…
Introduction Loop diuretics are the strongest type of diuretic - they cause an increase in the excretion of sodium and water from the kidney. They are very effective, and prevent the…
Introduction Nephritic and nephrotic syndromes refer to clinical presentations of renal disease - specifically glomerulonephritis. Both terms refer to a collection of symptoms rather than a true diagnosis. The terms…
Postural hypotension is a transient fall in blood pressure which causes symptoms when a patient moves from sitting or lying to standing. Physiology Moment to moment, blood pressure is controlled…
Postural Hypotension is a symptom, not a condition. This is colloquially known as a ‘head rush’ or ‘dizzy spell’, and is unsteadiness or LOC on standing from lying in those…
The Basics 98% is intracellular Serum range 3.5 – 5 mmol/L K+ and H+ tend to vary together Most body secretion is in urine – from distal tubules Shifts K+…
Proximal tubule diuretics e.g. acetazolidamide These drugs are carbonic anyhrdrase blockers. Some sodium is reabsorbed in conjunction with hydrogen. This process relies on the carbonic anhydrase to catalyse the reaction…
Introduction This is an adenocarcinoma These arise from the proximal tubular epithelium. The tumours are highly vascular, and microscopically, they will appear as large cells with clear cytoplasm. Haemorrhage within…
Introduction Renal physiology is complicated. Don't worry too much if you don't feel like you have a full grasp of it - most of us don't! It seems to be…