Introduction The different types of renal replacement therapies include haemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis, haemofiltration, and renal transplation. Haemodialysis (HD) This can be carried out on an outpatient or an inpatient basis. In the context of…
Introduction Rhabdomyolysis is the result of breakdown of muscle tissue, with the subsequent release of muscle products into the bloodstream. Aetiology Causes Trauma – most common Prolonged immobilisation Drug reactions…
Class Serum Creatinine/ GFR Urine Output Risk in Serum Creatinine x 1.5 or GFR ¯ >25% <0.5 ml/kg/hr – more than 6 hours Injury in Serum Creatinine x…
Introduction Sodium levels are very closely linked to fluid levels, as sodium is an extracellular electrolyte. As opposed to potassium which is intracellular. Hyponatraemia is commonly seen both in the…
Introduction Thiazide and thiazide-like diuretics are commonly used for management of hypertension, as well as management of oedema (e.g. in heart failure or liver failure). They are moderately potent diuretics as opposed to…
Example One ↑Na+ ↔K+ ↑↑Urea ↑↑Creatinine Diagnosis Renal failure Main causes of chronic renal failure: Hypertension Diabetes Pyelonephritis / glomerulonephritis Explanation Massively raised urea and creatinine together can only be…