Introduction Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy, also known as Hypertrophic Obstructive Cardiomyopathy (HOCM), is an autosomal dominant disorder, where there is thickening (hypertrophy) of the myocardium, particularly of the left ventricle, without an…
Introduction Infective Endocarditis (IE) is a condition caused by infection of the endocardium by bacteria, or very rarely, fungus. It most commonly affects the heart valves (natural or prosthetic), but…
This article provides a brief overview of the cardiovascular examination. For a detailed walkthrough please go to the Cardiovascular Examination OSCE article. INTRODUCTION Wash hands Introduce- “My name is…” Consent –…
Introduction Mitral regurgitation can be cause be either a primary valve disorder, or can be secondary to left ventricular dysfunction. In the developed world, most cases are due to degenerative…
Mitral stenosis Mitral regurgitation Causes Rheumatic heart disease (Group A beta haemolytic streptococcus) Others : congenital, calcification/fibrosis in elderly, carcinoid tumour metastasizing to lung Degenerative disease Functional (LV dilatation) Annular…
Introduction Acute Coronary Syndrome is an umbrella term for a spectrum of disease caused by ischaemia (and in some cases infarction) of myocardium (loss of blood supply to heart muscle). It…
Introduction Myocarditis is an inflammation of the myocardial layer of heart muscle. Myo=muscle, card=heart, itis=inflammation. The heart wall is made of 3 layers: Endocardium (layer of endothelium & connective tissue lining…
New York (NYHA) classification of heart failure Class I (Mild): Heart disease present, but no undue dyspnoea from ordinary activity. Class II (Mild): Comfortable at rest; dyspnoea on ordinary activities.…
The Sounds Descriptions Information on Heart Murmurs - Click for full size Eponymous signs of aortic regurgitation Name Sign Austin Flint Murmur Mid-diastolic murmur in the absence of mitral stenosis…
Introduction Patent Ductus Arteriosus - PDA – L-to-R shunt – ACYANOTIC Patent ductus arterioles describes the persistence of the connection between the aorta and pulmonary artery. In the foetus, this duct…