Introduction
Occurs in 15% aged >65Y, increasing incidence with age in men only. Causes include:
- Sphincter weakness (following childbirth/surgery);
- Anal/rectal pathology e.g. fistulae, Crohn’s, proctitis;
- Neurological disease (chorda equine, pudendal nerve);
- Dementia and unconsciousness;
- Diarrhoea (infective or due to malabsorption);
- Constipation (common in the elderly, diabetes, hypothyroid);
- Drugs e.g. antibiotics, muscle relaxants, PPIs, metformin.
Investigations
- DRE/PE – assess sphincter function and rule out impaction. Check perianal sensation to rule out neurological cause.
Management
- Perianal exercises may be used in sphincter weakness.
- Surgical anal sphincter repair.
- Steroids or GTN gel – In the presence of anorectal pathology.
- Bowel training can be used to develop predictable pattern.
- Diarrhoea and constipation should be managed