Read more about the article Influenza Vaccine
H1N1 influenza virus

Influenza Vaccine

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Introduction The influenza vaccine is an annual vaccine, typically offered to patients at high risk of seasonal influenza (flu). It is not usually a live vaccine. Modern vaccines typically contain constituents of…

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Read more about the article Japanese Encephalitis
Japanese encephalitis - Life Cycle

Japanese Encephalitis

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Introduction Japanese Encephalitis (JE) is an infective illness cause by the mosquito-borne arbovirus Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV). It is endemic to the Asia-Pacific region, and recently it has become more…

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Read more about the article Leishmaniasis
Man with leishmaniasis

Leishmaniasis

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Organism Leishmania (protozoa) Transmission Via sandflies Leishmania anastigotes infect sandflies when they take them up with their blood meal. Pathogenesis The adult female sand ingests the pathogen in the form…

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Read more about the article Leprosy
Man with leprosy

Leprosy

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Leprosy is a chronic granulomatous disease. Organism mycobacterium leprae = intracellular parasite. Incubation period tuberculoid = 2-5 years lepromatous = 8-11 years Transmission Spread in nasal discharges to the skin…

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Read more about the article Leptospirosis
Lifecycle of leptospirosis

Leptospirosis

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Leptospirosis: also known as Weil's Disease. Organism Spirochaete bacterium called Leptospira spp incubation: 7-14 days Transmission Via the urine of an infected animal (contagious as long as it is still moist) Rats, mice,…

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Read more about the article Lumbar Puncture (LP)
A selection of spinal needles. Not the main needle pictures does not come with a stylet

Lumbar Puncture (LP)

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Lumbar puncture is a procedure conducted to ascertain if there is an acute meningitis or sub arachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), to detect inflammation in the spinal cord (e.g. in multiple sclerosis)…

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Read more about the article Lyme Disease
Lyme disease Target Lesion

Lyme Disease

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Organism Borrelia Burgdorferi (spirochaete) Incubation: 7-14 days Transmission Vector=ticks Animal hosts=deer/rodents Epidemiology Commonest vector borne illness in USA Focally endemic in woodland of north America - infections mostly occur in…

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Read more about the article Malaria
Mosquito

Malaria

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Introduction Presentation can be vague, any or all of wide variety of symptoms. Always should be considered in unwell patients returning from or having passed though endemic areas Organism Parasite…

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Read more about the article Measles
Boy with measles

Measles

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Introduction Measles is a previously common (incidence now greatly reduced due to vaccination) usually childhood infection. Most cases are self-limiting, it is extremely infectious and carries a complication rate of…

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Read more about the article Meningitis
Example of a petechial rash

Meningitis

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Definitions Meningitis – the term meningitis technically means inflammation of the meninges, though it is generally used to mean infection. Meningitis is far more common in infants and children than…

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