Overview Amblyopia is a condition whereby there is a reduction in visual acuity due to a problem with focussing in early childhood. This results in reduced acuity as the brain is not stimulated to...

Causes Common in the elderly – reduced tear secretion Persistent gritty sensation without red eye Sjörgen’s syndrome: autoimmune condition, dry eyes and mouth which often accompanies connective tissue disorders e.g. rheumatoid arthritis Diuretics and...

Blowout fracture of the orbit Microphthalmos (defect in embryogenesis, also cataract and refractive errors) Cicatrising metastatic breast carcinoma (rare, progressive enophthalmos associated with very poor prognosis)

Chalazion Granuloma of meibomian glands (reactions to accumulation of lipid following duct blockage) Initially a hard and inflamed lump in the lid, settles to leave a discrete lump, visible on lid eversion Often settle...

Orbital cellulitis Ophthalmic emergency, infection of soft tissues behind orbital septum extension of infection from periorbital structures (ethmoid sinusitis), face, globe, lacrimal sac or dental infection direct inoculation of orbit from trauma haematogenous spread...

Introduction A squint (or strabismus) is a misalignment of the visual axis of the eyes. Eye Movements Superior Rectus: Abduction and elevation Lateral Rectus: Abduction Inferior Rectus Abduction and depression Inferior Oblique: Adduction and...