Introduction Facial nerve (cranial nerve VII) palsy typically refers to Bell's palsy. which is by far the most common cause of facial nerve palsy - accounting for about 80% of cases. About 12%…
Sinusitis Clinical features Dull constant aching pain over the maxillary sinus Tenderness over underlying skin Postnasal drip Ethmoid/sphenoid a pain felt deep in the midline at the root of the…
Introduction Falls are an incredibly common presentation. You will see them as GP referrals, A+E presentations, and countless times on the ward. Exactly how you examine and manage the patient…
Introduction Tests that will elicit cerebellar signs are in Red Tests that will elicit sensory ataxia are in Blue The method of the test is in Green If you…
In the OSCE situation (or in clinical practice) you may be asked to perform an examination to elicit the signs of Parkinson’s disease. In this case you don’t have to…
Introduction Friedrich’s ataxia is an autosomal recessive disorder resulting from a repeat nucleotide sequence (GAA) in the frataxin gene, which codes for the mitochondrial protein frataxin. It most commonly causes…
Pathophysiology Consciousness is closely related to the reticular activating system. This means that many focal brain lesions above the level of the RAS will not affect consciousness – unless the…
Introduction Giant Cell Arteritis (GCA) aka Temporal Arteritis is an immune-mediated inflammatory condition of the medium to large arteries which particularly affects the branches of the carotid artery. It presents with…
Introduction Guillain-Barre syndrome is an acute inflammatory demyelinating polyneuropathy (AIDP). It typically comes on several weeks after viral infection, usually, GI or URTI (also sometimes flu vaccine [controversial]). HIV is…
Headache is a very common presenting problem. The vast majority of headaches, even though they can be disabling for patients, will be benign. Patients may often associate headache with hypertension…