Introduction Huntington’s disease – HD - (aka Huntington’s chorea, named after George Huntington [1872]) is an autosomal dominant disorder that shows full penetrance. It is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder that…
The key aim is to identify the anatomical site of the lesion: central (UMN - brain and spinal cord)versus peripheral (LMN - nerve roots and peripheral nerves). • NB –…
Lumbar puncture is a procedure conducted to ascertain if there is an acute meningitis or sub arachnoid haemorrhage (SAH), to detect inflammation in the spinal cord (e.g. in multiple sclerosis)…
Introduction Malignant hypertension (aka - hypertensive crisis) is a very high blood pressure that typically comes on suddenly and quickly. It is defined as systolic blood pressure of >180 mmHg and /…
Introduction Medication overuse headache (AKA rebound headache) usually occurs in patients with a past medical history of severe headache, for which they have frequently/ excessively used analgesics. Clinical Features Chronic…
Introduction Migraine is a common cause of headache affecting about 15% of individuals. Migraine headaches are typically unilateral, recurrent, and last anywhere up to 72 hours. It is more common…
Introduction Motor neuron disease (aka MND, Motor neurone disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - ALS) is degenerative neurological disease, seen worldwide. In MND is degeneration of motor neurons in the motor…
Introduction Multiple Sclerosis (MS) is a chronic inflammatory condition of the CNS. It results from demyelination and axonal loss of nerves in the CNS. Peripheral nerves are not affected. It…
Introduction The main feature of muscle disorders is weakness without reflex loss. This helps us to differentiate these disorders from the neurological causes of weakness: UMN lesion – weakness with…
Introduction Myasthenia Gravis is an acquired, autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction. Antibodies attack the Acetylcholine receptor. This results weakness in muscles, particularly the ocular, bulbar and proximal skeletal. "Fatigability"…