Introduction Acute Kidney Injury - AKI (formerly more commonly Acute Renal Failure) is a sudden decline in renal function significant enough to produce uraemia, and also often oliguria – a urine output of <400ml/day. It…
Introduction Anaemia of Chronic Disease (ACD) is common, particularly in the hospital setting. It occurs as a result of: Chronic infection Chronic inflammation Neoplasia Chronic kidney disease The anaemia is…
Summary The kidneys develop from metanephros. The bladder and urethra develop from the urogenital sinus The prostate develops from an outgrowth of the urethral epithelium Ureters These enter the pelvis…
Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) is an autosomal dominant disorder characterised by the presence of cysts in both kidneys. The cysts are numerous and fluid-filled, resulting in massive enlargement of…
See also: Calcium, Vitamin D and Bone Density Parathyroid Glands Roles of Calcium Contraction of skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle Blood clotting Control of nerve impulses Increases in the level…
Introduction Chronic Kidney Disease - CKD (previously - chronic renal failure) involves a long-standing and often deteriorating reduction in renal function. It is irreversible and generally appears over a period of years. Initially,…
Summary Causes retention of… Info Substance Mechanism H2O Na+ K+ Angiotensin-II Activation of angiotensin II is the end result of activation of the renin-angiotensin system. Causes massive vasoconstriction.…
Normal Control of Renal Function Overview Osmotic Diuretics Potassium Sparing Diuretics Thiazide Diuretics Loop Diuretics Proximal Tubule Diuretics
Introduction Glomerulonephritis (GN) is a term often used to describe all pathological conditions of the glomerulus; however, strictly speaking, it refers to “inflammation of the glomerulus”. Glomerulonephritis represents a number…
Goodpasture's syndrome is a rare, genetic, autoimmune condition characterised by a combination of glomerulonephritis with alveolar hemorrhage in the presence of circulating anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) antibodies. Circulating anti-GBM antibodies…