Chest X-Ray
Introduction The chest x-ray (also known as CXR or Chest Radiograph) is probably the most commonly performed medical imaging procedure. An x-ray can typically discern 4 different densities: Air (black) Metal - i.e.…
Introduction The chest x-ray (also known as CXR or Chest Radiograph) is probably the most commonly performed medical imaging procedure. An x-ray can typically discern 4 different densities: Air (black) Metal - i.e.…
Introduction Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD) is a chronic respiratory condition characterised by airflow obstruction, most commonly the result of a combination chronic bronchitis and emphysema. Bronchitis - Cough and sputum production on…
Cromones – e.g.Sodium cromoglicate, nedocromil sodium This is often described as a mast cell stabilizer. It prevents the release of inflammatory mediators (such as histamine) from mast cells. These drugs…
CURB-65 The severity of community-acquired pneumonia can be assessed by using the CURB-65 score (1 point for each): Confusion Urea >7mmol/L Respiratory rate ≥ 30/min BP < 90 systolic and/or 60mmHg…
Introduction Cystic fibrosis is the most common life-limiting inherited disease in Caucasians. It is caused by a genetic mutation that alters mucus production, resulting in a more viscous solution. It…
Introduction 80% of clinical information comes from the history. Shortness of breath Onset – when? How (was it sudden / prolonged)? - Rapid, slow, subacute (inbetween acute and slow (chronic))…
Introduction Inhaled corticosteroids (ICS) are used for their anti-inflammatory effects in asthma and COPD. They are available as single agents, or in combination with other inhaled medications, such as beta-agonists…
There are loads of types of inhalers! You need to be able to tell a patient how to use each type, and what type of drugs can go in each…
The Safe Triangle The safe triangle is an anatomical space created by: Mid-axillary line / boarder of latissimus dorsi Lateral boarder of pec major Imaginary horizontal line from the nipple…
Introduction Interstitial lung diseases (ILDs) affect the lung interstitium, i.e. the space between the alveolar epithelium and the capillary endothelium, causing inflammation and fibrosis. The two main types of interstitial…