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Hernias

Introduction and Definitions A hernia is – a protrusion of a viscous out of a containing cavity - i.e. when a structure passes through an anatomical barrier and ends up…

Introduction Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) was first identified in 1983. Left untreated, it causes Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS). In the developed world its spread is relatively limited, and modern treatment…

Hyperthyroidism (Thyrotoxicosis)

Introduction Thyrotoxicosis is the state produced by excessive thyroid hormone. It is not strictly the same thing as hyperthyroidism, as thyrotoxicosis can exist without hyperthyroidism being present – for example…

Gastric Tumours

Introduction Unless otherwise stated, the article below refers to gastric adenocarcinoma The second most common cancer worldwide (behind lung cancer) Most common in South America and Japan (due to diet)…

Giardiasis

Introduction Giardiasis is an infection of the small intestine (duodenum and jejunum) caused by the parasite Giardia lamblia. It can affect humans and animals. It can cause chronic diarrhoea and malabsorption. Giardia exists…

Endometrial Carcinoma

Epidemiology The most common genital tract cancer Every year, about 4500 women in the UK develop endometrial cancer The majority (93%) of cases are diagnosed in women aged over 50…

Digoxin

Introduction Digoxin is a cardiac glycoside, which is most commonly used in atrial fibrillation and atrial flutter. However, beta blockers and the dipyridamole calcium channel blockers are generally more effective,…

Sciatica and intervertebral disc prolapse

Introduction The term sciatica describes a characteristic pain felt in the lower back, buttocks and the posterior and lower leg. It results from compression of any of the 5 nerve roots…