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Breast Examination

Background Info Presentations of Breast Disease Lump Pain - Rare in breast cancer Asymmetry - Change in breast size – particularly related to the menstrual cycle Change in breast feature…

Breast Cancer

Introduction Breast cancer is the most common cancer in women, and the second most common cause of death from cancer, after lung cancer. There are more published studies (on PubMed)…

Introduction Beta blockers are competitive inhibitors of beta-adrenergic receptors. There are many kinds of vary half lives and lipid solubility. They are used mainly as anti-arrhythmic agents, but are also…

Cardiovascular Physiology

Comparison of skeletal and cardiac muscle Skeletal Muscle Cells The cells are called skeletal muscle fibres. They run the whole length of the muscle. They have hundreds of nuclei, and are…

Atrial Fibrillation – AF

Introduction Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a common tachycardia. It can be caused by many other underlying illnesses, especially in the acutely unwell patient (such as sepsis, pneumonia, hyperthyroidism or other illness)…

ASD – Atrial Septal Defect

An Atrial septal defect is a congenital heart defect that causes a shunting of blood from the left to the right atria. L-to-R shunt – ACYANOTIC There are two types…

Aneurysm and AAA

Definitions An aneurysm is an artery that has a localised dilation, with a permanent diameter of >1.5x that expected of the particular artery. True Aneurysm – the wall of the…

Anatomy and Development of The Urinary Tract

Summary The kidneys develop from metanephros. The bladder and urethra develop from the urogenital sinus The prostate develops from an outgrowth of the urethral epithelium Ureters These enter the pelvis…