Complications of pregnancy can be divided into: Complications of presentation Caesarian indications Bleeding in early pregnancy Complications of delivery Shoulder dystocia Instrumental delivery Induction of labour Episiotomy and tears Disorders…
Background info 1/3 of pregnancies are unplanned The UK government now promotes long acting reversible contraception (LARC) (e.g. IUD, IUS, implant)as the best method of contraception because: Reduced chance of…
Condoms The condom is a form of barrier contraception, and stops the sperm from reaching the egg. They also provide protection from sexually transmitted infection. Condoms are easily accessible, cheap…
Introduction Combined oral contraceptive pills contain both oestrogen and progestogen. This method is: Reliable and reversible Can reduce dysmennorrhoae (painful menstruation) and menoorhagia (heavy bleeding) Can reduce PMT (pre-menstrual tension) Reduce…
Introduction The contraceptive injection is a common form of progesterone only contraception given to women. Injections are typically given every 3 months. Hormonal injections and generally considered >99% effective for…
Introduction Intrauterine devices (IUD) are a commonly prescribed form of contraception. They are a LARC - long-active reversible contraception, and as such are often recommended ahead of other forms of…
Introduction A cardiotocograph (CTG) is used in obstetrics as a method by which to monitor both the foetal heart and uterine contractions. CTG is used used in conjunction with partogram…
Introduction When discussing contraception with any patient, it may be useful to understand a little about the patient’s cultural and / or religious background. Obviously, it is not the medical…
Introduction Dystocia means difficulty during labour - and typically results from abnormal fetal size or position. It occurs in about 1% of deliveries. The most common type of dystocia is shoulder…
Introduction Ectopic pregnancy is defined as: Implantation of conceptious outside uterine cavity When women of reproductive age present with pelvic pain and positive pregnancy test assume ectopic pregnancy until proven…